Literature Collection

OBJECTIVES: The COVID-19 pandemic stimulated an unprecedented expansion in use of video and telephone visits (televisits) for routine specialty care as a substitute for in-person clinic visits. However, the sustainability of televisit use for specialty care delivery following the pandemic is unclear. STUDY DESIGN/METHODS: In this descriptive, retro-spective study of national Veterans Health Administration (VHA) data, we assessed total outpatient visit volume by month in 9 specialties (cardiology, dermatology, eye care, gastroenterology [GI]/hepatology, neurosurgery, orthopedics, podiatry, substance use disorder [SUD], and urology) at all VHA facilities in the US between January 2019 (pre-COVID-19) and September 2023 (representing late phases of health system recovery post COVID-19). We also categorized outpatient visits by modality (in person, telephone, video) and assessed time trends in the proportion of total outpatient visits in each specialty delivered by televisit. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize the study findings. RESULTS: Although total visit volumes in most VHA specialties had returned to pre-COVID-19 baselines by the end of the study period, they did not fully rebound in others, suggesting persistent care gaps. Televisit use increased from a mean of 7% in quarter 1 (Q1) 2019 to 54% in Q2 2020, then decreased modestly to 27% of all specialty visits by Q3 2023. The specialties with the highest sustained televisit use in Q3 2023 were SUD and GI, despite restored in-person visit availability. The use of telephone visits exceeded the use of video visits throughout the study period. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that televisits will likely remain an important visit modality for patients in the postpandemic era.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to assess the impact of curricular content reduction in a 3-year integrated course sequence in a Doctor of Pharmacy curriculum on student-reported mental and physical health. METHODS: A 3-hour, 5-days-a-week integrated course sequence spanning 3 years of a curriculum was transitioned to a 3-hour, 4-days-a-week course, representing 207 h of reduced in-class time. After implementation, first- through third-year student pharmacists were asked to complete a 23-item voluntary survey regarding the impact of the curricular change on their mental and physical health, how they spent time on the non-Integrated Learning Experience course day, and additional demographic and social characteristics. Respondents were asked to participate in follow-up focus group sessions to elucidate the findings of the survey. RESULTS: A total of 197 students (50.3% response rate) representing the classes of 2024, 2025, and 2026 responded to the survey, and 15 students participated in 1 of 4 focus group sessions. Most students indicated a preference for the 4-days-a-week over the 5-days-a-week course and reported improvement in mental and physical health during the 4-days-a-week course. Most students used the additional time to study or complete assignments, while many third-year students used it to work, but many also used it to complete personal errands and activities, which led to a positive impact on their well-being. CONCLUSION: Student self-reported mental and physical health improved with a reduction in curricular content by 1 course session (3 h) per week.

Understanding the impact of medications for opioid use disorder on health related quality of life (QOL) may help to explain why few individuals with legal involvement remain in treatment, specifically those receiving opioid antagonists. QOL is an established predictor of treatment retention and has been shown to improve with some treatment for opioid use disorder. Yet limited research has examined QOL with opioid antagonists. We examined the impact of extended release naltrexone (XR-NTX) on QOL and retention in treatment in a randomized, multi-site trial of individuals with legal involvement. Methods: The participants were 308 community-dwelling adults with current or recent legal involvement with opioid dependence at five site across United States. They were randomized to receive XR-NTX or treatment as usual for 6 months. QOL was measured every 2 weeks using Euro QOL individual items, summary index score, and health state today metric. Results: No significant difference in QOL scores were observed between the two groups at the completion of active treatment or on follow up at 52 and 78 weeks. There were no time effects of treatment on scores. Contrary to expectation, baseline and average QOL did not predict retention in treatment. Conclusion: In contrast to prior research, our findings did not demonstrate significant changes (improvements or decreases) in QOL associated with XR-NTX treatment. Clinicians may consider that individuals receiving XR-NTX may not experience changes in perceived well-being in response to treatment and consider discussing with patients that they may not necessarily perceive improvement in their QOL. This may help to ground patient's expectations about the effects of treatment and potentially reduce attrition from treatment with opioid antagonists.

OBJECTIVES: There has been a rapid increase in the presence of illicitly manufactured fentanyl in the heroin drug supply. Buprenorphine is an effective treatment for heroin and prescription opioid use disorder; however, little is known about treatment outcomes among people using fentanyl. We compared 6-month treatment retention and opioid abstinence among people initiating buprenorphine treatment who had toxicology positive for heroin compared to fentanyl at baseline. METHODS: Retrospective cohort study of 251 adult patients initiating office-based buprenorphine treatment who had available toxicology testing across an academic health system between August 2016 and July 2017. Exposure was assessed at baseline before initiating buprenorphine and was categorized as negative toxicology (n = 184) versus fentanyl positive toxicology (n = 48) versus heroin positive toxicology (n = 19). RESULTS: Six-month treatment retention rates were not different between the fentanyl positive and heroin positive groups [38% (n = 18) vs 47% (n = 9); P = 0.58], or between the fentanyl positive and the negative toxicology group [38% (n = 18) vs 51% (n = 93); P = 0.14]. Opioid abstinence at 6 months among those who had testing did not differ between the fentanyl positive and the heroin positive group [55% (n = 6) vs 60% (n = 6); P = 0.99]. The fentanyl positive group had a lower abstinence rate at 6 months compared to those with negative toxicology at baseline [55% (n = 6) vs 93% (n = 63); P = 0.004]. Mean initial buprenophine dosage did not differ between groups. CONCLUSIONS: Buprenorphine treatment retention and abstinence among those retained in treatment is not worse between people using fentanyl compared to heroin at treatment initiation. Both groups have lower abstinence rates at 6 months compared to individuals with negative toxicology at baseline. These findings suggest that people exposed to fentanyl still benefit from buprenorphine treatment.

INTRODUCTION: Allergic rhinitis (AR), anxiety, and depression are prevalent comorbidities that negatively impact patients' quality of life. This study explored how help-seeking behaviors act as intermediaries between medication use, AR symptoms as measured by the Sino-Nasal Outcome Test (SNOT-22), and mental health outcomes, specifically anxiety and depressive symptoms, assessed through the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) and Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD-7). METHODS: This longitudinal study analyzed data from 1035 adults 18 years and older. Participants were recruited from 105 non-allergist primary care clinics across the United States using the QHSLab Digital Medicine platform between February 20, 2024, and January 18, 2025. Of the original sample, 891 participants completed the follow-up, yielding an attrition rate of approximately 14 %. Health-seeking behavior was defined as seeking professional assistance for emotional well-being, allergies, or neither. Baseline medication use for intranasal steroids, antihistamines, decongestants, and oral leukotriene blockers was recorded. Pearson correlations, Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), chi-squared test (χ(2) test), and regression analyses explored relationships between these factors and health score changes (α = 0.05). RESULTS: Patients who actively sought help for emotional well-being and allergic rhinitis exhibited the most significant improvements in symptom severity and mental health outcomes. Pearson correlation analyses revealed a significant negative association between dual-condition help-seeking and reductions in both SNOT-22 (r = -0.22, p < 0.01) and PHQ-GAD scores (r = -0.34, p < 0.01). Regression analysis confirmed that help-seeking behaviors (HSB) were significant predictors of symptom improvement, with individuals seeking assistance for both conditions showing notable reductions in SNOT-22 (β = -0.19, p < 0.05) and PHQ-GAD scores (β = -0.28, p < 0.01). Longitudinal analyses further demonstrated that consistent HSB engagement over six months led to a 23 % greater reduction in SNOT-22 scores (β = -0.21, p = 0.03) and a 31 % greater reduction in PHQ-GAD scores (β = -0.27, p < 0.01) compared to pharmacologic interventions alone. Sensitivity analyses reaffirmed these findings, and mindfulness meditation (β = 3.54, p < 0.001) and allergen immunotherapy (β = 5.60, p = 0.0185) were identified as additional predictors of mental health improvement. These results highlight integrated care's critical role in addressing physical and mental health conditions to optimize patient outcomes. CONCLUSION: This study underscores the importance of help-seeking behaviors in improving allergic rhinitis and mental health outcomes, highlighting the benefits of integrated care approaches. Patients who sought help for both conditions experienced the most significant symptom relief, reinforcing the need for multidisciplinary, patient-centered treatment. Expanding mental health screening within AR management, enhancing access to behavioral interventions, and leveraging digital health tools can optimize patient engagement and long-term outcomes. These findings advocate for a holistic shift in AR care, emphasizing integrating physical and mental health support to improve overall well-being.