Email UpdatesLiterature Collection
11K+
References
9K+
Articles
1400+
Grey Literature
4600+
Opioids & SU
The Literature Collection contains over 11,000 references for published and grey literature on the integration of behavioral health and primary care. Learn More
Use the Search feature below to find references for your terms across the entire Literature Collection, or limit your searches by Authors, Keywords, or Titles and by Year, Type, or Topic. View your search results as displayed, or use the options to: Show more references per page; Sort references by Title or Date; and Refine your search criteria. Expand an individual reference to View Details. Full-text access to the literature may be available through a link to PubMed, a DOI, or a URL. References may also be exported for use in bibliographic software (e.g., EndNote, RefWorks, Zotero).
BACKGROUND: Drug overdose deaths involving stimulants, including cocaine and psychostimulants with abuse potential (e.g., methamphetamine), have been increasing, partly because of co-involvement with opioids. Stimulant-involved overdose deaths have disproportionately increased among non-Hispanic Black (Black) and non-Hispanic American Indian/Alaskan Native (AI/AN) persons; however, the role of opioids in exacerbating disproportionate stimulant-involved death rates is unclear. METHODS: Analysis of National Vital Statistics System multiple cause-of-death mortality files examined age-adjusted cocaine- and psychostimulant-involved death rates. Analyses of death rates stratified by racial and ethnic group and opioid co-involvement included: 1) Joinpoint regression of 2004-2019 trends, 2) changes in rates from 2018 to 2019, and 3) demographic and geographic characteristics of 2019 deaths. RESULTS: From 2004 to 2019, cocaine and psychostimulant-involved death rates were higher for Black and AI/AN persons, respectively. Among all groups, increases in cocaine-involved overdose rates were largely driven by opioid co-involvement, particularly after 2013. From 2004 to 2019, rates for psychostimulant-involved deaths increased with and without opioid co-involvement. Rates for overdoses co-involving cocaine and synthetic opioids increased from 2018 to 2019 for Hispanic, non-Hispanic White (White), and Black persons. Psychostimulant-involved overdose rates with and without synthetic opioid co-involvement increased among Hispanic, White, and Black persons. In 2019, Black and AI/AN persons continued to experience higher cocaine- and psychostimulant-involved death rates, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Stimulant-involved deaths continue to increase, and the role of opioids in driving these deaths varies by race and ethnicity. Ensuring equitable access to proven prevention and treatment interventions and incorporating social determinants of health into future research around effective pharmacotherapies may help reduce stimulant-involved overdose deaths.