Literature Collection

BACKGROUND: The COVID-19 pandemic catalyzed the adoption of digital technologies in health care. This study assesses a digital-first integrated care model for type 2 diabetes management in Western Sydney, using continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) and virtual Diabetes Case Conferences (DCC) involving the patient, general practitioner (GP), diabetes specialist, and diabetes educator at the same time. OBJECTIVE: This study aims to assess the effectiveness of the innovative diabetes clinics in Western Sydney. METHODS: In 2020, a total of 833 new patients with type 2 diabetes were seen at Western Sydney Diabetes (WSD) clinics. An early cohort of 103 patients was evaluated before and after participation in virtual DCC, incorporating CGM data analysis, digital educational resources, and remote consultations with a diabetes multidisciplinary team. Assessments were conducted at baseline and 3-4 months post DCC. RESULTS: The integration of CGM and virtual consultations significantly improved glycemic control. Hemoglobin A(1c) (HbA(1c)) levels decreased notably from 9.6% to 8.2% (average reduction of 1.4%; 95% CI 1.03-1.82; P<.001). Time in range (TIR) as measured by CGM increased substantially from 46% to 73% (95% CI 20-32; P<.001), and the glucose management indicator (GMI) improved from 7.9% to 7% (average reduction of 0.9%; 95% CI 0.55-1.2; P<.001). Despite no significant change in the total daily insulin dose, the proportion of patients on insulin therapy rose from 27% to 39% (P<.001), indicating more targeted and effective diabetes management. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings demonstrate the effectiveness of a digitally enabled integrated care model in managing type 2 diabetes. The use of CGM technology, complemented by virtual DCCs and digital educational tools, not only facilitated better disease management and patient engagement but also empowered primary care providers with advanced management capabilities. This digital approach addresses traditional barriers in diabetes care, highlighting the potential for scalable, technology-driven solutions in chronic disease management.

Providing human support for users of behavioral health technology can help facilitate the necessary engagement and clinical integration of digital tools in mental health care. A team conducted digital navigator training that taught participants how to promote patrons' digital literacy, evaluate and recommend health apps, and interpret smartphone data. The authors trained 80 participants from 21 organizations, demonstrating this training's feasibility, acceptability, and need. Case studies explore the implementation of this training curriculum. As technology's potential in mental health care expands, training can empower digital navigators to ensure that the use of digital tools is informed, equitable, and clinically relevant.

Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) impose an overwhelming burden on global health systems. Prevailing healthcare for NCDs remains largely hospital-centered, episodic, and reactive, rendering them poorly suited to address the long-term, heterogeneous, and multifactorial nature of NCDs. Rapid advances in digital technologies, artificial intelligence (AI), and precision medicine have catalyzed the development of an integrative framework for digital-intelligent precision health management, characterized by the functional integration of data, models, and decision support. It is best understood as an integrated health management framework operating across three interdependent dimensions. First, it is grounded in multidimensional health-related phenotyping, enabled by continuous digital sensing, wearable and ambient devices, and multi-omics profiling, which together allow for comprehensive, longitudinal characterization of individual health states in real-world settings. Second, it leverages intelligent risk warning and early diagnosis, whereby multimodal data are fused using advanced machine learning algorithms to generate dynamic risk prediction, detect early pathological deviations, and refine disease stratification beyond conventional static models. Third, it culminates in health management under intelligent decision-making, integrating digital twins and AI health agents to support personalized intervention planning, virtual simulation, adaptive optimization, and closed-loop management across the disease continuum. Framed in this way, digital-intelligent precision health management enables a fundamental shift from passive care towards proactive, anticipatory, and individual-centered health management. This Perspectives article synthesizes recent literature from the past three years, critically examines translational and ethical challenges, and outlines future directions for embedding this framework within population health and healthcare systems.

Child psychiatry access programs address the shortage of child and adolescent psychiatrists and other mental health professionals nationwide. The Wisconsin Child Psychiatry Consultation Program (WI CPCP) provides telephone or email guidance to pediatric primary care providers treating mild to moderate psychiatric symptoms in patients. Statewide programs like the WI CPCP offer direct outreach meetings to primary care clinics, which, though resource-intensive, are hypothesized to increase program utilization. This study examined whether direct outreach meetings to primary care corresponded with subsequent increased primary care consultations with the WI CPCP. The authors hypothesized that direct outreach meetings would increase primary care consultations with the WI CPCP. WI CPCP consultations among 492 primary care providers were compared in the period 3 and 12 months before and after receiving a direct outreach meeting. These were also compared to 492 matched control providers who did not receive a direct outreach meeting. Results of generalized estimating equation analyses suggested that direct outreach meetings significantly increased primary care utilization of the WI CPCP (p < .01). Consultation numbers more than doubled when including consultations generated during direct outreach meetings themselves. Consultation numbers nearly doubled when examining consultations after direct outreach meetings. Results held for both the 3- and 12-month periods following a direct outreach meeting. Although direct outreach meetings may require additional time and resources for pediatric psychiatry access programs, they add value via increased primary care engagement for at least 1 year.