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The Literature Collection contains over 10,000 references for published and grey literature on the integration of behavioral health and primary care. Learn More
Use the Search feature below to find references for your terms across the entire Literature Collection, or limit your searches by Authors, Keywords, or Titles and by Year, Type, or Topic. View your search results as displayed, or use the options to: Show more references per page; Sort references by Title or Date; and Refine your search criteria. Expand an individual reference to View Details. Full-text access to the literature may be available through a link to PubMed, a DOI, or a URL. References may also be exported for use in bibliographic software (e.g., EndNote, RefWorks, Zotero).
261 Results
224
The de facto US mental and addictive disorders service system. Epidemiologic catchment area prospective 1-year prevalence rates of disorders and services
Type: Journal Article
Year: 1993
Publication Place: UNITED STATES
Abstract: After initial interviews with 20,291 adults in the National Institute of Mental Health Epidemiologic Catchment Area Program, we estimated prospective 1-year prevalence and service use rates of mental and addictive disorders in the US population. An annual prevalence rate of 28.1% was found for these disorders, composed of a 1-month point prevalence of 15.7% (at wave 1) and a 1-year incidence of new or recurrent disorders identified in 12.3% of the population at wave 2. During the 1-year follow-up period, 6.6% of the total sample developed one or more new disorders after being assessed as having no previous lifetime diagnosis at wave 1. An additional 5.7% of the population, with a history of some previous disorder at wave 1, had an acute relapse or suffered from a new disorder in 1 year. Irrespective of diagnosis, 14.7% of the US population in 1 year reported use of services in one or more component sectors of the de facto US mental and addictive service system. With some overlap between sectors, specialists in mental and addictive disorders provided treatment to 5.9% of the US population, 6.4% sought such services from general medical physicians, 3.0% sought these services from other human service professionals, and 4.1% turned to the voluntary support sector for such care. Of those persons with any disorder, only 28.5% (8.0 per 100 population) sought mental health/addictive services. Persons with specific disorders varied in the proportion who used services, from a high of more than 60% for somatization, schizophrenia, and bipolar disorders to a low of less than 25% for addictive disorders and severe cognitive impairment. Applications of these descriptive data to US health care system reform options are considered in the context of other variables that will determine national health policy.
Topic(s):
Key & Foundational
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, Medically Unexplained Symptoms
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225
The diagnostic challenges presented by patients with medically unexplained symptoms in general practice
Type: Journal Article
Year: 2008
Publication Place: Norway
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To describe the complexity of somatizing patients' symptomatology and the difficulties involved in the diagnostic process. DESIGN. Cross-sectional study of patients with medically unexplained symptoms. SETTING: Basque Health Service primary care centres in Bizkaia, Spain. SUBJECTS: The study comprised 156 patients selected at random from a list of 468 patients who had presented, over the course of their lives, six or more medically unexplained somatic symptoms for females and four or more for males, identified retrospectively by their practitioners. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Physicians interviewed these patients using the somatoform symptoms section of the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI), and the Primary Care Evaluation of Mental Disorders (PRIME-MD). The Medical Outcomes Survey Short Form 36 (SF-36) was filled in at home. Organic diseases whose diagnosis was established during the previous year were included in the study by consulting patients' medical records. RESULTS: Patients were found to have a median of three medically explained and 12 medically unexplained symptoms. Mental disorders were found in 83% of cases, associated with other morbidity categories in 78%. The predictive value of symptoms was lower than 26% for diagnosing broad disease categories. CONCLUSIONS: These results depict an extremely difficult scenario for dichotomous diagnostic strategies aimed at classifying patients' symptoms as either organic or functional. Rather than struggling to choose one of these hypotheses, it is suggested that both of them should always be addressed concurrently.
Topic(s):
Medically Unexplained Symptoms
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Reference Links: View the PubMed citation for The diagnostic challenges presented by patients with medically unexplained symptoms in general practice
226
The e-Mental Health Consultation Service: providing enhanced primary-care mental health services through telemedicine
Type: Journal Article
Year: 2007
Publication Place: United States
Abstract: This article describes the University of California, Davis Medical Center eMental Health Consultation Service, a program designed to integrate tele-mental health clinical services, provider-to-provider consultation, and provider distance education. During the first year of operation, consultations were provided for 289 cases. The most common diagnoses among children were for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder-spectrum problems. Among the adult patients, mood disorders were most common. A convenience sample of 33 adult patients who completed the SF-12 health status measure showed significant improvements in mental health status at 3-6 months of follow-up. This model of comprehensive rural outpatient primary mental health care delivered at a distance shows promise for wider application and deserves further study.
Topic(s):
HIT & Telehealth
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, Medically Unexplained Symptoms
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Reference Links:
View the DOI record for The e-Mental Health Consultation Service: providing enhanced primary-care mental health services through telemedicine
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View the PubMed citation for The e-Mental Health Consultation Service: providing enhanced primary-care mental health services through telemedicine228
The effect of mental comorbidity on service delivery planning in primary care: an analysis with particular reference to patients who request referral without prior assessment
Type: Journal Article
Year: 2013
Publication Place: Germany
Abstract: BACKGROUND: In their everyday practice, primary-care physicians are often asked to refer patients to a specialist without a prior appointment in primary care. Such referrals are problematic, and one might suspect that patients who make such requests are more likely to have mental comorbidities predisposing them toward higher utilization of health-care services. METHODS: In a cross-sectional study, 307 patients of 13 primary-care practices who requested referral to a specialist without a prior appointment in primary care were given a Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ) containing questions that related to depression, anxiety, panic disorder, and somatoform disorder (independent variables). Further information was obtained about these patients' primary-care contacts, referrals, and days taken off from work with a medical excuse over the course of one year (dependent variables). A regression model was used to compare these patients with 977 other primary-care patients. RESULTS: The groups of patients who did and did not request specialist referral without a primary-care appointment did not differ to any statistically significant extent with respect to mental comorbidity. In the overall group, somatoform disorder was found to be associated with a high rate of primary-care contacts (odds ratio [OR] 2.4, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.4-4.3). High rates of referral were strongly correlated (percentage of variance explained, R(2)) with depression (OR 2.1, 95% CI 1.1-4.0; R(2) = 35.3%), anxiety (OR 4.1, 95% CI 1.8-9.6; R(2) = 34.5%), panic disorder (OR 5.9, 95% CI 2.1-16.4; R(2) = 34.3%), and somatoform disorder (OR 2.2, 95% CI 1.2-4.0; R(2) = 34.6%). Taking a long time off from work with a medical excuse was correlated with depression (OR 2.5, 95% CI 1.2-4.8), anxiety (OR 4.2, 95% CI 1.7-10.5), and somatoform disorder (OR 2.2, 95% CI 1.2-4.2). CONCLUSION: Mental comorbidity contributes to the increased utilization of health-care services. This should be borne in mind whenever a patient requests many referrals to specialists (either with or without a prior appointment in primary care). It is important to identify "doctor-hopping" patients so that the causes of their behavior can be recognized, discussed, and properly treated.
Topic(s):
Medically Unexplained Symptoms
See topic collection
229
The effectiveness of psychosocial interventions delivered by general practitioners
Type: Journal Article
Year: 2003
Publication Place: England
Abstract: BACKGROUND: Many patients visit their general practitioner (GP) because of problems that are psychosocial in origin. However, for many of these problems there is no evidence-based treatment available in primary care, and these patients place time-consuming demands on their GP. Therefore, GPs could benefit from tools to help these patients more effectively and efficiently. In this light, it is important to assess whether structured psychosocial interventions might be an appropriate tool for GPs. Previous reviews have shown that psychosocial interventions in primary care seem more effective that usual care. However, these interventions were mostly performed by health professionals other than the GP. OBJECTIVES: To present a systematic review of the literature addressing the effectiveness of psychosocial interventions by general practitioners by assessing the clinical outcomes and the methodological quality of selected studies. SEARCH STRATEGY: The literature search was conducted using the CCDAN Trials Register, the Cochrane Library and reference lists of relevant studies for citation tracking. Also, personal communication with experts took place. SELECTION CRITERIA: Randomised controlled trials, controlled clinical trials and controlled patient preference trials addressing the effectiveness of psychosocial interventions by GPs for any problem or disorder. Studies published before January 2002 were eligible for entry. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Methodological quality was independently be assessed by two reviewers using the Maastricht-Amsterdam Criteria List and the CCDAN Quality Rating Scale. The qualitative and quantitative characteristics of selected trials were independently extracted by two reviewers using a standardised data extraction form. Levels of evidence were used to determine the strength of the evidence available. Results from studies that reported similar interventions and outcome measures were meta-analysed. MAIN RESULTS: Eight studies were included in the review. Selected studies addressed different psychosocial interventions for four distinct disorders or health complaints. There is good evidence that problem-solving treatment by general practitioners is effective for major depression. The evidence concerning the remaining interventions for other health complaints (reattribution or cognitive behavioural group therapy for somatisation, counselling for smoking cessation, behavioural interventions to reduce alcohol reduction) is either limited or conflicting. REVIEWER'S CONCLUSIONS: In general, there is little available evidence on the use of psychosocial interventions by general practitioners. Of the psychosocial interventions reviewed, problem-solving treatment for depression seems the most promising tool for GPs, although a stronger evidence-base is required and the effectiveness in routine practice remains to be demonstrated. More research is required to improve the evidence-base on this subject.
Topic(s):
Education & Workforce
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, Medically Unexplained Symptoms
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Reference Links:
View the DOI record for The effectiveness of psychosocial interventions delivered by general practitioners
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View the PubMed citation for The effectiveness of psychosocial interventions delivered by general practitioners230
The identification in primary care of patients who have been repeatedly referred to hospital for medically unexplained symptoms: a pilot study
Type: Journal Article
Year: 2009
Publication Place: England
Abstract: OBJECTIVES: The study aimed (a) to test a method of identifying patients who have been repeatedly referred (RR) from primary care to medical outpatient clinics where they have received multiple diagnoses of medically unexplained symptoms (MUS) and (b) to describe the prevalence and characteristics of these patients. METHODS: RR patients with MUS (RRMUS) were arbitrarily defined as those with (a) five or more referrals in a 5-year period and (b) a specialist final diagnosis of MUS for at least three of these referrals. A two-stage method of identifying these patients was piloted in one primary care practice: Stage 1 used computerized health service data to identify RR; Stage 2 used manual case note review to identify referrals that ended with specialist diagnoses of MUS. The RRMUS patients identified were asked to complete a questionnaire, a psychiatric diagnostic interview, and their GPs were asked to rate how "difficult to manage" they were. RESULTS: The process was feasible and reasonably accurate. From 6770 registered patients aged 18 to 65 years, 23 (0.3%) were identified as RRMUS. They accounted for 157 referrals over the 5-year period. Sixteen agreed to further assessment, and 8 (50%) had a current anxiety or depressive disorder. GPs rated only 8 (50%) as "difficult to manage." CONCLUSION: This two-stage procedure offers a practical method of identifying RRMUS patients in primary care as a first step in achieving more cost-effective care. These patients have substantial psychiatric morbidity.
Topic(s):
Medically Unexplained Symptoms
See topic collection
232
The influence of complaint symptoms on health care utilisation, medicine use, and sickness absence. A comparison between retrospective and prospective utilisation
Type: Journal Article
Year: 2005
Publication Place: England
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: The main aim was to examine the impact of reported individual symptoms on health care utilisation (HCU) in a primary health care practice population and to evaluate the impact of these symptoms on utilisation over time. METHOD: The study was performed in 1055 out of 1442 consecutive adult patients visiting a Swedish health care centre. Logistic regression analyses were applied to assess the relationships between symptoms and HCU outcomes. RESULTS: Each of the 30 symptoms was related to consultations with GPs and a provider of alternative medicine, use of medications and herbals, and sickness absence. Depression and tension groups were the strongest predictors of utilisation. Multisymptomatics had higher OR for most of the outcome variables than those with no symptoms. CONCLUSION: The results of this study show a linear correlation between the numbers of symptoms and increasing GP consultations, medicine use and sickness absences days, and this persisted during the years 2001 and 2002.
Topic(s):
Medically Unexplained Symptoms
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233
The influence of specific chronic somatic conditions on the care for co-morbid depression in general practice
Type: Journal Article
Year: 2008
Publication Place: England
Abstract: BACKGROUND: Limited information exists on the relationship between specific chronic somatic conditions and care for co-morbid depression in primary care settings. Therefore, the present prospective, general practice-based study examined this relationship. METHOD: Longitudinal data on morbidity, prescribing and referrals concerning 991 patients newly diagnosed with depression by their general practitioner (GP) were analysed. The influence of a broad range of 13 specific chronic somatic conditions on the initiation of any depression care, as well as the prescription of continuous antidepressant therapy for 180 days, was examined. Multilevel logistic regression analysis was used to control for history of depression, psychiatric co-morbidity, sociodemographics and interpractice variation. RESULTS: Multilevel analysis showed that patients with pre-existing ischaemic heart disease (72.1%) or cardiac arrhythmia (59.3%) were significantly less likely to have any depression care being initiated by their GP than patients without chronic somatic morbidity (88.0%). No other specific condition had a significant influence on GP initiation of any care for depression. Among the patients being prescribed antidepressant treatment by their GP, none of the conditions was significantly associated with being prescribed continuous treatment for 180 days. CONCLUSIONS: Our study indicates that patients with ischaemic heart disease or cardiac arrhythmia have a lower likelihood of GP initiation of any care for depression after being newly diagnosed with depression by their GP. This finding points to the importance of developing interventions aimed at supporting GPs in the adequate management of co-morbid depression in heart disease patients to reduce the negative effects of this co-morbidity.
Topic(s):
Medically Unexplained Symptoms
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Reference Links:
View the DOI record for The influence of specific chronic somatic conditions on the care for co-morbid depression in general practice
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View the PubMed citation for The influence of specific chronic somatic conditions on the care for co-morbid depression in general practice235
The outcome of health anxiety in primary care. A two-year follow-up study on health care costs and self-rated health
Type: Journal Article
Year: 2010
Publication Place: United States
Abstract: BACKGROUND: Hypochondriasis is prevalent in primary care, but the diagnosis is hampered by its stigmatizing label and lack of valid diagnostic criteria. Recently, new empirically established criteria for Health anxiety were introduced. Little is known about Health anxiety's impact on longitudinal outcome, and this study aimed to examine impact on self-rated health and health care costs. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: 1785 consecutive primary care patients aged 18-65 consulting their family physicians (FPs) for a new illness were followed-up for two years. A stratified subsample of 701 patients was assessed by the Schedules for Clinical Assessment in Neuropsychiatry interview. Patients with mild (N = 21) and severe Health anxiety (N = 81) and Hypochondriasis according to the DSM-IV (N = 59) were compared with a comparison group of patients who had a well-defined medical condition according to their FPs and a low score on the screening questionnaire (N = 968). Self-rated health was measured by questionnaire at index and at three, 12, and 24 months, and health care use was extracted from patient registers. Compared with the 968 patients with well-defined medical conditions, the 81 severe Health anxiety patients and the 59 DSM-IV Hypochondriasis patients continued during follow-up to manifest significantly more Health anxiety (Whiteley-7 scale). They also continued to have significantly worse self-rated functioning related to physical and mental health (component scores of the SF-36). The severe Health anxiety patients used about 41-78% more health care per year in total, both during the 3 years preceding inclusion and during follow-up, whereas the DSM-IV Hypochondriasis patients did not have statistically significantly higher total use. A poor outcome of Health anxiety was not explained by comorbid depression, anxiety disorder or well-defined medical condition. Patients with mild Health anxiety did not have a worse outcome on physical health and incurred significantly less health care costs than the group of patients with a well-defined medical condition. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: Severe Health anxiety was found to be a disturbing and persistent condition. It is costly for the health care system and must be taken seriously, i.e. diagnosed and treated. This study supports the validity of recently introduced new criteria for Health anxiety.
Topic(s):
Financing & Sustainability
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, Medically Unexplained Symptoms
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Reference Links:
View the DOI record for The outcome of health anxiety in primary care. A two-year follow-up study on health care costs and self-rated health
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View the PubMed citation for The outcome of health anxiety in primary care. A two-year follow-up study on health care costs and self-rated health236
The patients' illness perceptions and the use of primary health care
Type: Journal Article
Year: 2005
Publication Place: United States
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To investigate if primary care patients' perceptions of a current health problem were associated with use of health care. METHOD: One thousand seven hundred eighty-five patients presenting a new health problem to 1 of 38 physicians from 28 general practices in Aarhus County, Denmark. Patients completed a questionnaire on their illness perceptions and emotional distress before the consultation. The physicians completed a questionnaire for each patient on diagnostics and prognostics. Register data on primary health care utilization 3 years before and 2 years after baseline were obtained. Odds ratios were estimated to examine associations between previous health care use and illness perceptions. Linear regression analysis was performed to examine if illness perceptions predicted later health care use. RESULTS: Previous use: Higher use was associated with psychosocial, stress, and lifestyle attributions. Accident/chance attributions were associated with higher use for patients with a chronic disorder but with lower use for patients without a chronic disorder. A strong illness identity (number of self-reported symptoms), illness worry, a long timeline perspective, a belief that the symptoms would have serious consequences, and all emotional distress variables were associated with higher use. Use during follow-up: Infection/lowered immunity attributions were associated with higher use for patients with a chronic disorder, whereas psychosocial and lifestyle attributions were associated with higher use for all patients. Illness worry and all emotional distress variables predicted higher health care use. A strong illness identity, a long timeline perspective, a belief in serious consequences, and stress and accident/chance attributions were among the strongest predictors of health care use in a multivariate model including all variables. CONCLUSIONS: Patients' perceptions of a current health problem are associated with health care use and may offer an obvious starting point for a biopsychosocial approach in primary care.
Topic(s):
Medically Unexplained Symptoms
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Reference Links:
View the DOI record for The patients' illness perceptions and the use of primary health care
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View the PubMed citation for The patients' illness perceptions and the use of primary health care237
The prevalence of medically unexplained symptoms in primary care
Type: Journal Article
Year: 2011
Publication Place: England
Topic(s):
Medically Unexplained Symptoms
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Reference Links:
View the DOI record for The prevalence of medically unexplained symptoms in primary care
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View the PubMed citation for The prevalence of medically unexplained symptoms in primary care238
The primary health care version of ICD-11: the detection of common mental disorders in general medical settings
Type: Journal Article
Year: 2012
Publication Place: United States
Topic(s):
Measures
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, Medically Unexplained Symptoms
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Reference Links:
View the DOI record for The primary health care version of ICD-11: the detection of common mental disorders in general medical settings
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View the PubMed citation for The primary health care version of ICD-11: the detection of common mental disorders in general medical settings240
The relationship between somatization and posttraumatic symptoms among immigrants receiving primary care services
Type: Journal Article
Year: 2010
Publication Place: United States
Abstract: Traumatic experiences and somatization are related in studies on complex trauma, though this relation is rarely studied in immigrants. The relationship between somatization and self-reported traumatic experiences and posttraumatic symptoms in patients attending a primary care service for immigrants was studied. The sample consisted of 101 patients attending a primary healthcare service dedicated to immigrants. Participants completed two self-assessment questionnaires specifically designed for use in transcultural research: the Bradford Somatic Inventory and the Harvard Trauma Questionnaire. Both were translated and back-translated into eight languages. Somatization was significantly related to traumatic events and posttraumatic symptoms. In primary care centers for immigrants, physicians should give particular attention to somatization as a possible sign of unreported posttraumatic symptoms.
Topic(s):
Healthcare Disparities
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, Medically Unexplained Symptoms
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Reference Links:
View the DOI record for The relationship between somatization and posttraumatic symptoms among immigrants receiving primary care services
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View the PubMed citation for The relationship between somatization and posttraumatic symptoms among immigrants receiving primary care services