Literature Collection

21

Civilian Primary Care Prescribing Psychologist in an Army Medical Center

Type: Journal Article

Authors: David S. Shearer

Year: 2012

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22

Clinical Drug Testing in Primary Care.Technical Assistance Publication Series (TAP) 32

Type: Government Report

Authors: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration

Year: 2012

Publication Place: Rockville, MD

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This grey literature reference is included in the Academy's Literature Collection in keeping with our mission to gather all sources of information on integration. Grey literature is comprised of materials that are not made available through traditional publishing avenues. Often, the information from unpublished resources can be limited and the risk of bias cannot be determined.

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23

Collaborative care management of late-life depression in the primary care setting: A randomized controlled trial

Type: Journal Article

Authors: J. Unutzer, W. Katon, C. M. Callahan, J. W. Williams, E. Hunkeler, L. Harpole, M. Hoffing, R. D. Della Penna, P. H. Noel, E. H. Lin, P. A. Arean, M. T. Hegel, L. Tang, T. R. Belin, S. Oishi, C. Langston, IMPACT Investigators

Year: 2002

Publication Place: United States

Abstract: CONTEXT: Few depressed older adults receive effective treatment in primary care settings. OBJECTIVE: To determine the effectiveness of the Improving Mood-Promoting Access to Collaborative Treatment (IMPACT) collaborative care management program for late-life depression. DESIGN: Randomized controlled trial with recruitment from July 1999 to August 2001. SETTING: Eighteen primary care clinics from 8 health care organizations in 5 states. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 1801 patients aged 60 years or older with major depression (17%), dysthymic disorder (30%), or both (53%). INTERVENTION: Patients were randomly assigned to the IMPACT intervention (n = 906) or to usual care (n = 895). Intervention patients had access for up to 12 months to a depression care manager who was supervised by a psychiatrist and a primary care expert and who offered education, care management, and support of antidepressant management by the patient's primary care physician or a brief psychotherapy for depression, Problem Solving Treatment in Primary Care. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Assessments at baseline and at 3, 6, and 12 months for depression, depression treatments, satisfaction with care, functional impairment, and quality of life. RESULTS: At 12 months, 45% of intervention patients had a 50% or greater reduction in depressive symptoms from baseline compared with 19% of usual care participants (odds ratio [OR], 3.45; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.71-4.38; P<.001). Intervention patients also experienced greater rates of depression treatment (OR, 2.98; 95% CI, 2.34-3.79; P<.001), more satisfaction with depression care (OR, 3.38; 95% CI, 2.66-4.30; P<.001), lower depression severity (range, 0-4; between-group difference, -0.4; 95% CI, -0.46 to -0.33; P<.001), less functional impairment (range, 0-10; between-group difference, -0.91; 95% CI, -1.19 to -0.64; P<.001), and greater quality of life (range, 0-10; between-group difference, 0.56; 95% CI, 0.32-0.79; P<.001) than participants assigned to the usual care group. CONCLUSION: The IMPACT collaborative care model appears to be feasible and significantly more effective than usual care for depression in a wide range of primary care practices.

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24

Collaborative care models for depression: Time to move from evidence to practice

Type: Journal Article

Authors: W. Katon, J. Unutzer

Year: 2006

Publication Place: United States

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25

Collaborative Family Healthcare Association commentary on the "Joint principles: Integrating behavioral health care into the patient-centered medical home".

Type: Journal Article

Authors: Christine Runyan, Parinda Khatri

Year: 2014

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26

Collaborative management to achieve treatment guidelines. Impact on depression in primary care

Type: Journal Article

Authors: W. Katon, M. Von Korff, E. Lin, E. Walker, G. E. Simon, T. Bush, P. Robinson, J. Russo

Year: 1995

Publication Place: UNITED STATES

Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To compare the effectiveness of a multifaceted intervention in patients with depression in primary care with the effectiveness of "usual care" by the primary care physician. DESIGN: A randomized controlled trial among primary care patients with major depression or minor depression. PATIENTS: Over a 12-month period a total of 217 primary care patients who were recognized as depressed by their primary care physicians and were willing to take antidepressant medication were randomized, with 91 patients meeting criteria for major depression and 126 for minor depression. INTERVENTIONS: Intervention patients received increased intensity and frequency of visits over the first 4 to 6 weeks of treatment (visits 1 and 3 with a primary care physician, visits 2 and 4 with a psychiatrist) and continued surveillance of adherence to medication regimens during the continuation and maintenance phases of treatment. Patient education in these visits was supplemented by videotaped and written materials. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Primary outcome measures included short-term (30-day) and long-term (90-day) use of antidepressant medication at guideline dosage levels, satisfaction with overall care for depression and antidepressant medication, and reduction in depressive symptoms. RESULTS: In patients with major depression, the intervention group had greater adherence than the usual care controls to adequate dosage of antidepressant medication for 90 days or more (75.5% vs 50.0%; P < .01), were more likely to rate the quality of the care they received for depression as good to excellent (93.0% vs 75.0%; P < .03), and were more likely to rate antidepressant medications as helping somewhat to helping a great deal (88.1% vs 63.3%; P < .01). Seventy-four percent of intervention patients with major depression showed 50% or more improvement on the Symptom Checklist-90 Depressive Symptom Scale compared with 43.8% of controls (P < .01), and the intervention patients also demonstrated a significantly greater decrease in depression severity over time compared with controls (P < .004). In patients with minor depression, the intervention group had significantly greater adherence than controls to adequate dosage of antidepressant medication for 90 days or more (79.7% vs 40.3%; P < .001) and more often rated antidepressant medication as helping somewhat to helping a great deal (81.8% vs 61.4%; P < .02). However, no significant differences were found between the intervention and control groups in the percentage of patients who were satisfied with the care they received for depression (94.4% vs 89.3%), in the percentage who experienced a 50% or more decrease in depressive symptoms, or in the decrease of depressive symptoms over time. CONCLUSION: A multifaceted intervention consisting of collaborative management by the primary care physician and a consulting psychiatrist, intensive patient education, and surveillance of continued refills of antidepressant medication improved adherence to antidepressant regimens in patients with major and with minor depression. It improved satisfaction with care and resulted in more favorable depressive outcomes in patients with major, but not minor, depression.

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27

Commentary by the American College of Physicians on the "Joint principles: Integrating behavioral health care into the patient-centered medical home".

Type: Journal Article

Authors: Nitin S. Damle

Year: 2014

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28

Common symptoms in ambulatory care: Incidence, evaluation, therapy, and outcome

Type: Journal Article

Authors: K. Kroenke, A. D. Mangelsdorff

Year: 1989

Publication Place: UNITED STATES

Abstract: PURPOSE AND PATIENTS AND METHODS: Many symptoms in outpatient practice are poorly understood. To determine the incidence, diagnostic findings, and outcome of 14 common symptoms, we reviewed the records of 1,000 patients followed by house staff in an internal medicine clinic over a three-year period. The following data were abstracted for each symptom: patient characteristics, symptom duration, evaluation, suspected etiology of the symptom, treatment prescribed, and outcome of the symptom. Cost estimates for diagnostic evaluation were calculated by means of the schedule of prevailing rates for Texas employed by the Civilian Health and Medical Program of the Uniformed Services for physician reimbursement. RESULTS: A total of 567 new complaints of chest pain, fatigue, dizziness, headache, edema, back pain, dyspnea, insomnia, abdominal pain, numbness, impotence, weight loss, cough, and constipation were noted, with 38 percent of the patients reporting at least one symptom. Although diagnostic testing was performed in more than two thirds of the cases, an organic etiology was demonstrated in only 16 percent. The cost of discovering an organic diagnosis was high, particularly for certain symptoms, such as headache ($7,778) and back pain ($7,263). Treatment was provided for only 55 percent of the symptoms and was often ineffective. Where outcome was documented, 164 (53 percent) of 307 symptoms improved. Three favorable prognostic factors were an organic etiology (p = 0.006), a symptom duration of less than four months (p = 0.009), and a history of two or fewer symptoms (p = 0.001). CONCLUSION: The classification, evaluation, and management of common symptoms need to be refined. Diagnostic strategies emphasizing organic causes may be inadequate.

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29

Cost-effectiveness of a collaborative care program for primary care patients with persistent depression

Type: Journal Article

Authors: G. E. Simon, W. J. Katon, M. Von Korff, J. Unutzer, E. H. Lin, E. A. Walker, T. Bush, C. Rutter, E. Ludman

Year: 2001

Publication Place: United States

Abstract: OBJECTIVE: The authors evaluated the incremental cost-effectiveness of stepped collaborative care for patients with persistent depressive symptoms after usual primary care management. METHOD: Primary care patients initiating antidepressant treatment completed a standardized telephone assessment 6-8 weeks after the initial prescription. Those with persistent major depression or significant subthreshold depressive symptoms were randomly assigned to continued usual care or collaborative care. The collaborative care included systematic patient education, an initial visit with a consulting psychiatrist, 2-4 months of shared care by the psychiatrist and primary care physician, and monitoring of follow-up visits and adherence to medication regimen. Clinical outcomes were assessed through blinded telephone assessments at 1, 3, and 6 months. Health services utilization and costs were assessed through health plan claims and accounting data. RESULTS: Patients receiving collaborative care experienced a mean of 16.7 additional depression-free days over 6 months. The mean incremental cost of depression treatment in this program was $357. The additional cost was attributable to greater expenditures for antidepressant prescriptions and outpatient visits. No offsetting decrease in use of other health services was observed. The incremental cost-effectiveness was $21.44 per depression-free day. CONCLUSIONS: A stepped collaborative care program for depressed primary care patients led to substantial increases in treatment effectiveness and moderate increases in costs. These findings are consistent with those of other randomized trials. Improving outcomes of depression treatment in primary care requires investment of additional resources, but the return on this investment is comparable to that of many other widely accepted medical interventions.

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30

Creating a movement: Integrating Health Care [Video]

Type: Web Resource

Authors: Health Research and Educational Trust

Year: 2013

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This grey literature reference is included in the Academy's Literature Collection in keeping with our mission to gather all sources of information on integration. Grey literature is comprised of materials that are not made available through traditional publishing avenues. Often, the information from unpublished resources can be limited and the risk of bias cannot be determined.

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31

Depressive symptoms and the cost of health services in HMO patients aged 65 years and older. A 4-year prospective study

Type: Journal Article

Authors: J. Unutzer, D. L. Patrick, G. Simon, D. Grembowski, E. Walker, C. Rutter, W. Katon

Year: 1997

Publication Place: UNITED STATES

Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To examine whether depressive symptoms in older adults contribute to increased cost of general medical services. DESIGN: A 4-year prospective cohort study. SETTING: Four primary care clinics of a large staff-model health maintenance organization (HMO) in Seattle, Wash. PATIENTS: A total of 5012 Medicare enrollees older than 65 years were invited to participate in the study; 2558 subjects (51%) were successfully enrolled. Non-participants were somewhat older and had a higher level of chronic medical illness. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Depressive symptoms as measured by the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression scale, which was administered as part of a mail survey at baseline, at 2 years, and at 4 years; and total cost of medical services from the perspective of the HMO. Data were obtained from the cost accounting system of the HMO. RESULTS: In this cohort of older adults, depressive symptoms were common, persistent, and associated with a significant increase in the cost of general medical services. This increase was seen for every component of health care costs and was not accounted for by an increase in specialty mental health care. The increase in health care costs remained significant after adjusting for differences in age, sex, and chronic medical illness. CONCLUSIONS: Depressive symptoms in older adults are associated with a significant increase in the cost of medical services, even after adjusting for the severity of chronic medical illness.

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32

Developing a measure of provider adherence to improve the implementation of behavioral health services in primary care: a Delphi study

Type: Journal Article

Authors: G. P. Beehler, J. S. Funderburk, K. Possemato, C. L. Vair

Year: 2013

Publication Place: England

Abstract: BACKGROUND: The integration of behavioral health services into primary care is increasingly popular, yet fidelity of implementation in this area has been infrequently assessed due to the few measurement tools available. A sentinel indicator of fidelity of implementation is provider adherence, or utilization of prescribed procedures and engagement in model-specific behaviors. This study aimed to develop the first self-report measure of behavioral health provider adherence for co-located, collaborative care, a commonly adopted model of behavioral health service delivery in primary care. METHODS: A preliminary 56-item measure was developed by the research team to represent critical components of adherence among behavioral health providers. To ensure the content validity of the measure, a modified Delphi study was conducted using a panel of co-located, collaborative care model experts. During three rounds of emailed surveys, panel members provided qualitative feedback regarding item content while rating each item's relevance for behavioral health provider practice. Items with consensus ratings of 80% or greater were included in the final adherence measure. RESULTS: The panel consisted of 25 experts representing the Department of Veterans Affairs, the Department of Defense, and academic and community health centers (total study response rate of 76%). During the Delphi process, two new items were added to the measure, four items were eliminated, and a high level of consensus was achieved on the remaining 54 items. Experts identified 38 items essential for model adherence, six items compatible (although not essential) for model adherence, and 10 items that represented prohibited behaviors. Item content addressed several domains, but primarily focused on behaviors related to employing a time-limited, brief treatment model, the scope of patient concerns addressed, and interventions used by providers. CONCLUSIONS: This study yielded the first content valid self-report measure of critical components of collaborative care adherence for use by behavioral health providers in primary care. Although additional psychometric evaluation is necessary, this measure may assist implementation researchers in clarifying how provider behaviors contribute to clinical outcomes. This measure may also assist clinical stakeholders in monitoring implementation and identifying ways to support frontline providers in delivering high quality services.

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33

Differences in medical care expenditures for adults with depression compared to adults with major chronic conditions

Type: Journal Article

Authors: I. Z. Lurie, L. M. Manheim, D. D. Dunlop

Year: 2009

Publication Place: Italy

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Approximately 17.1 million adults report having a major depressive episode in 2004 which represents 8% of the adult population in the U.S. Of these, more than one-third did not seek treatment. In spite of the large and extensive literature on the cost of mental health, we know very little about the differences in out-of-pocket expenditures between adults with depression and adults with other major chronic disease and the sources of those expenditures. AIMS: For persons under age 65, compare total and out-of-pocket expenditures of those with depression to non-depressed individuals who have another major chronic disease. METHODS: This study uses two linked, nationally representative surveys, the 1999 National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) and the 2000 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (MEPS), to identify the population of interest. Depression was systematically assessed using a short form of the World Health Organization's (WHO) Composite International Diagnostic Interview--Short Form (CIDI-SF). To control for differences from potentially confounding factors, we matched depressed cases to controls using propensity score matching. RESULTS: We estimate that persons with depression have about the same out-of-pocket expenditures while having 11.8% less total medical expenditures (not a statistically significant difference) compared to non-depressed individuals with at least one chronic disease. DISCUSSION: High out-of-pocket expenditures are a concern for individuals with chronic diseases. Our study shows that those with depression have comparable out-of-pocket expenses to those with other chronic diseases, but given their lower income levels, this may result in a more substantial financial burden. IMPLICATION FOR POLICY: High out-of-pocket expenditures are a concern for individuals with depression and other chronic diseases. For both depressed individuals and non-depressed individuals with other chronic diseases, prescription drug expenditures contribute most to out-of-pocket expenses. Given the important role medications play in treatment of depression, high copayment rates are a concern for limiting compliance with appropriate treatment.

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34

Does integrated care improve treatment for depression? A systematic review

Type: Journal Article

Authors: M. Butler, R. L. Kane, D. McAlpine, R. Kathol, S. S. Fu, H. Hagedorn, T. Wilt

Year: 2011

Publication Place: United States

Abstract: Care management-based interventions promoting integrated care by combining primary care with mental health services in a coordinated and colocated manner are increasingly popular; yet, the benefits of specific approaches are not well established. We conducted a systematic review of integrated care trials in US primary care settings to assess whether the level of integration of provider roles or care process affects clinical outcomes. Although most trials showed positive effects, the degree of integration was not significantly related to depression outcomes. Integrated care appears to improve depression management in primary care patients, but questions remain about its specific form and implementation.

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35

Don Bloch Award, 2013.

Type: Journal Article

Authors: Frank deGruy

Year: 2014

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36

Don Bloch's vision for Collaborative Family Health Care: Progress and next steps

Type: Journal Article

Authors: C. J. Peek

Year: 2015

Publication Place: United States

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37

Effectiveness of collaborative care for older adults with Alzheimer disease in primary care: a randomized controlled trial

Type: Journal Article

Authors: C. M. Callahan, M. A. Boustani, F. W. Unverzagt, M. G. Austrom, T. M. Damush, A. J. Perkins, B. A. Fultz, S. L. Hui, S. R. Counsell, H. C. Hendrie

Year: 2006

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38

Effectiveness of disease management programs in depression: a systematic review

Type: Journal Article

Authors: E. Badamgarav, S. R. Weingarten, J. M. Henning, K. Knight, V. Hasselblad, A. J. Gano, J. J. Ofman

Year: 2003

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39

Effects of different models of integrated collaborative care in a family medicine residency program.

Type: Journal Article

Authors: Suzanne E. Landis, MaryLynn Barrett, Shelley L. Galvin

Year: 2013

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40

Eliminating Health Disparities through Culturally and Linguistically Centered Integrated Health Care: Consensus Statements, Recommendations, and Key Strategies from the Field

Type: Journal Article

Authors: K. Sanchez, T. Chapa, R. Ybarra, O. N. Martinez

Year: 2014

Publication Place: United States

Abstract: Summary: This report is the outcome of an expert consensus meeting sponsored by the United States Deparment of Health and Human Services Office of Minority Health, which was convened to formulate consensus statements, provide recommendations and identify key strategies from practice for implementing integrated health and behavioral health care intended to improve health status for underserved populations.

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