TY - JOUR
AU - D. Zein
AU - D. Brown
AU - D. R. Shelley
AU - J. E. Chang
A1 - 
AB - BACKGROUND: Primary care practices experience challenges to implementing team-based care, and these challenges may be more pronounced in small-to-medium-sized independent primary care practices (SIPs). Our objective is to provide a review of the literature on team-based care implemented within SIPs. METHODS: The literature was identified using keywords related to primary care and team-based care in PubMed/MEDLINE, CINAHL, Cochrane Library, and EMBASE. Studies on team-based care within small-primary care settings were extracted and organized according to the four domains of the Integrated (Health Care) Team Effectiveness Model (ITEM) framework. RESULTS: Twenty-five studies met our criteria for inclusion and were included in our review. Of those, only nine of the included studies solely focused on SIPs. Studies addressed some component of task design, including the composition of the team (i.e. MA and MD dyads) and the features of the task (i.e. role interdependence). Studies also discussed team processes, such as communication and coordination. Few studies discussed psychosocial traits during implementation, including trust and psychological safety. Lastly, studies described the organizational context of the practices, which includes their structure, resources or training environment. Identified barriers for team-based care implementation included financial constraints when hiring additional staff and issues with the current payment models that reward team-based care. CONCLUSIONS: Studies solely focused on small primary care practices are limited. Of the four key domains, the biggest gap was identified around psychosocial traits and how mutual trust is fostered. Areas of future research include attention to how trust is built as practices implement team-based care and shift their mental model.
AD - Department of Public Health Policy and Management, New York University School of Global Public Health, New York, NY, USA. dz2067@nyu.edu.; Department of Public Health Policy and Management, New York University School of Global Public Health, New York, NY, USA.
AN - 41652419
BT - BMC Health Serv Res
C5 - Education & Workforce
CP - 1
DA - Feb 6
DO - 10.1186/s12913-026-14125-w
DP - NLM
ET - 20260206
IS - 1
JF - BMC Health Serv Res
LA - eng
N2 - BACKGROUND: Primary care practices experience challenges to implementing team-based care, and these challenges may be more pronounced in small-to-medium-sized independent primary care practices (SIPs). Our objective is to provide a review of the literature on team-based care implemented within SIPs. METHODS: The literature was identified using keywords related to primary care and team-based care in PubMed/MEDLINE, CINAHL, Cochrane Library, and EMBASE. Studies on team-based care within small-primary care settings were extracted and organized according to the four domains of the Integrated (Health Care) Team Effectiveness Model (ITEM) framework. RESULTS: Twenty-five studies met our criteria for inclusion and were included in our review. Of those, only nine of the included studies solely focused on SIPs. Studies addressed some component of task design, including the composition of the team (i.e. MA and MD dyads) and the features of the task (i.e. role interdependence). Studies also discussed team processes, such as communication and coordination. Few studies discussed psychosocial traits during implementation, including trust and psychological safety. Lastly, studies described the organizational context of the practices, which includes their structure, resources or training environment. Identified barriers for team-based care implementation included financial constraints when hiring additional staff and issues with the current payment models that reward team-based care. CONCLUSIONS: Studies solely focused on small primary care practices are limited. Of the four key domains, the biggest gap was identified around psychosocial traits and how mutual trust is fostered. Areas of future research include attention to how trust is built as practices implement team-based care and shift their mental model.
PY - 2026
SN - 1472-6963
ST - Team-based care in small primary care practices: a scoping review
T1 - Team-based care in small primary care practices: a scoping review
T2 - BMC Health Serv Res
TI - Team-based care in small primary care practices: a scoping review
U1 - Education & Workforce
U3 - 10.1186/s12913-026-14125-w
VL - 26
VO - 1472-6963
Y1 - 2026
ER -