TY - JOUR AU - D. A. Petrie A1 - AB - Healthcare systems in Canada are under pressure and require change-the status quo is no longer fit for purpose, if it ever was. Innovation is often held up as a cure for what ails us, but shiny new things or novel technologies alone have not been enough. This article will explore the concepts of differentiation and integration as being important drivers in the evolution of living organisms, ecosystems, and complex human organizations. The implications of this deep pattern of systems change are essential to understanding the roles of specialization in medicine, and optionality in primary care. Specifically, overspecialization without attention to the principles of healthcare integration can lead to fragmentation of care and worse patient outcomes. Finally, this article will describe some practical examples of system integration as innovation in the form of better public health and care delivery connections, health homes, and community care coordination centres. AD - Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada. RINGGOLD: 12361 AN - 39440900 BT - Healthc Manage Forum C5 - Education & Workforce CP - 2 DA - Mar DO - 10.1177/08404704241292629 DP - NLM ET - 20241023 IS - 2 JF - Healthc Manage Forum LA - eng N2 - Healthcare systems in Canada are under pressure and require change-the status quo is no longer fit for purpose, if it ever was. Innovation is often held up as a cure for what ails us, but shiny new things or novel technologies alone have not been enough. This article will explore the concepts of differentiation and integration as being important drivers in the evolution of living organisms, ecosystems, and complex human organizations. The implications of this deep pattern of systems change are essential to understanding the roles of specialization in medicine, and optionality in primary care. Specifically, overspecialization without attention to the principles of healthcare integration can lead to fragmentation of care and worse patient outcomes. Finally, this article will describe some practical examples of system integration as innovation in the form of better public health and care delivery connections, health homes, and community care coordination centres. PY - 2025 SN - 0840-4704 (Print); 0840-4704 SP - 76 EP - 83+ ST - Integration as innovation in healthcare systems T1 - Integration as innovation in healthcare systems T2 - Healthc Manage Forum TI - Integration as innovation in healthcare systems U1 - Education & Workforce U3 - 10.1177/08404704241292629 VL - 38 VO - 0840-4704 (Print); 0840-4704 Y1 - 2025 ER -