TY - JOUR
AU - N. Khadka
AU - M. R. Peltier
AU - M. J. Fassett
AU - N. A. Mensah
AU - M. Yeh
AU - V . Y. Chiu
AU - Y. Oyelese
AU - D. Getahun
A1 - 
AB - OBJECTIVE: To evaluate trends of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) diagnosis rates among children aged 5-17 years over the past decade (2010-2021) and to investigate whether there have been differences in temporal changes based on race and ethnicity, sex, or income. STUDY DESIGN: Childhood ADHD diagnosis was ascertained from electronic health records using International Classification of Diseases ninth revision (314.xx) and International Classification of Diseases tenth revision (F90.x) codes. Data were stratified by child's sex, race and ethnicity, and household income, and rates of ADHD were estimated before and after adjustment for potential confounders. RESULTS: The overall ADHD diagnosis rates increased from 3.5% in 2010 to 4.0% in 2021. ADHD diagnosis was most prevalent among White children (6.1%), then Black (4.6%), Other/multiple (3.7%), Hispanic (3.1%), and Asian/Pacific Islander (PI) (1.7%). ADHD was also highly prevalent among boys (73.3%) or family income≥$70,000 (50.0%). ADHD diagnosis increased among Black (4.2% to 5.1%), Hispanic (2.8% to 3.6%), and Asian/PI children (1.5% to 2.0%) but remained stable for White (6.2% to 6.1%) and Other/multiple race/ethnic children (3.7% to 3.7%). Increases in the prevalence among girls were also observed. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of ADHD in children has risen with the largest increases observed for Black, Hispanic, and Asian/PI children. Rates among less affluent families and girls have also been increasing, narrowing the gaps in diagnosis rates previously observed. These increases may reflect improvements in screening and provision of care among demographics where ADHD has been historically underdiagnosed.
AD - Department of Research & Evaluation, Kaiser Permanente Southern California, Pasadena, CA.; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, Jersey Shore University Medical Center, Neptune, NJ; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, Hackensack-Meridian School of Medicine, Nutley, NJ.; Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Kaiser Permanente West Los Angeles Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA; Department of Clinical Science, Kaiser Permanente Bernard J. Tyson School of Medicine, Pasadena, CA.; Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA.; Department of Research & Evaluation, Kaiser Permanente Southern California, Pasadena, CA; Department of Health Systems Science, Kaiser Permanente Bernard J. Tyson School of Medicine, Pasadena, CA. Electronic address: darios.t.getahun@kp.org.
AN - 38432293
BT - J Pediatr
C5 - Healthcare Disparities
DA - Jun
DO - 10.1016/j.jpeds.2024.113997
DP - NLM
ET - 20240301
JF - J Pediatr
LA - eng
N2 - OBJECTIVE: To evaluate trends of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) diagnosis rates among children aged 5-17 years over the past decade (2010-2021) and to investigate whether there have been differences in temporal changes based on race and ethnicity, sex, or income. STUDY DESIGN: Childhood ADHD diagnosis was ascertained from electronic health records using International Classification of Diseases ninth revision (314.xx) and International Classification of Diseases tenth revision (F90.x) codes. Data were stratified by child's sex, race and ethnicity, and household income, and rates of ADHD were estimated before and after adjustment for potential confounders. RESULTS: The overall ADHD diagnosis rates increased from 3.5% in 2010 to 4.0% in 2021. ADHD diagnosis was most prevalent among White children (6.1%), then Black (4.6%), Other/multiple (3.7%), Hispanic (3.1%), and Asian/Pacific Islander (PI) (1.7%). ADHD was also highly prevalent among boys (73.3%) or family income≥$70,000 (50.0%). ADHD diagnosis increased among Black (4.2% to 5.1%), Hispanic (2.8% to 3.6%), and Asian/PI children (1.5% to 2.0%) but remained stable for White (6.2% to 6.1%) and Other/multiple race/ethnic children (3.7% to 3.7%). Increases in the prevalence among girls were also observed. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of ADHD in children has risen with the largest increases observed for Black, Hispanic, and Asian/PI children. Rates among less affluent families and girls have also been increasing, narrowing the gaps in diagnosis rates previously observed. These increases may reflect improvements in screening and provision of care among demographics where ADHD has been historically underdiagnosed.
PY - 2024
SN - 0022-3476
SP - 113997
ST - Rising Trends of Childhood Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in a Large Integrated Healthcare Delivery System in Southern California, 2010-2021
T1 - Rising Trends of Childhood Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in a Large Integrated Healthcare Delivery System in Southern California, 2010-2021
T2 - J Pediatr
TI - Rising Trends of Childhood Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in a Large Integrated Healthcare Delivery System in Southern California, 2010-2021
U1 - Healthcare Disparities
U3 - 10.1016/j.jpeds.2024.113997
VL - 269
VO - 0022-3476
Y1 - 2024
ER -