TY - JOUR
KW - Adolescent
KW - Child
KW - Child, Preschool
KW - Cohort Studies
KW - Female
KW - Humans
KW - Male
KW - Medicaid
KW - Mental Disorders/drug therapy/epidemiology
KW - polypharmacy
KW - Psychotropic Drugs/therapeutic use
KW - Time Factors
KW - United States
KW - Drugs &amp
KW - psychotherapy, Drug treatment/psychopharmacology, Epidemiology, Psychopharmacology/general, polypharmacy
AU - Soria Saucedo
AU - X. Liu
AU - J. M. Hincapie-Castillo
AU - D. Zambrano
AU - R. Bussing
AU - A. G. Winterstein
A1 - 
AB - OBJECTIVES: This study estimated the prevalence, time trends, and state-level variation of same- and multiclass psychotropic polypharmacy among youths in Medicaid fee-for-service plans. METHODS: Using pharmacy records from 29 Medicaid states from 1999 to 2010, the authors constructed ten two-year cohorts of beneficiaries between ages 0 and 17 years who received at least one psychotropic to treat a mental disorder. Polypharmacy was defined as any period in which dispensed days' supply of psychotropics overlapped for more than 45 days. Same- and multiclass psychotropic polypharmacy prevalence was stratified by age and state. RESULTS: A total of 692,485 children were included across each two-year cohort. The prevalence of any-class and multiclass psychotropic polypharmacy grew steadily, from 21.2% and 18.8% in 1999-2000 to 27.3% and 24.4% in 2009-2010, respectively. The prevalence increased with older age, with highest estimates for late adolescents. For same-class psychotropic polypharmacy, a constant upward trend was noted over time, except for antidepressants. Polypharmacy increased over the decade for central nervous system stimulants, from .1% to .6%, and for alpha-agonists, from .1% to .4%. Heterogeneous prevalences of psychotropic polypharmacy were noted across states, ranging from 6.9% to 48.8% for any-class psychotropic polypharmacy, from .4% to 6.4% for same-class antidepressant polypharmacy, and from .1% to 4.6% for antipsychotics. CONCLUSIONS: The study found an overall increasing trend of psychotropic polypharmacy coupled with significant variation across the examined states. A more granular assessment that considers patient characteristics and local contextual factors is warranted.
AD - Dr. Soria Saucedo, Dr. Liu, Dr. Hincapie-Castillo, and Dr. Winterstein are with the Department of Pharmaceutical Outcomes and Policy, and Dr. Bussing is with the Department of Psychiatry, University of Florida, Gainesville. Dr. Winterstein is also with the Department of Epidemiology, University of Florida, Gainesville. Dr. Zambrano is with the Department of U.S. Medical Affairs, Merck and Company, Inc., Philadelphia.; Dr. Soria Saucedo, Dr. Liu, Dr. Hincapie-Castillo, and Dr. Winterstein are with the Department of Pharmaceutical Outcomes and Policy, and Dr. Bussing is with the Department of Psychiatry, University of Florida, Gainesville. Dr. Winterstein is also with the Department of Epidemiology, University of Florida, Gainesville. Dr. Zambrano is with the Department of U.S. Medical Affairs, Merck and Company, Inc., Philadelphia.; Dr. Soria Saucedo, Dr. Liu, Dr. Hincapie-Castillo, and Dr. Winterstein are with the Department of Pharmaceutical Outcomes and Policy, and Dr. Bussing is with the Department of Psychiatry, University of Florida, Gainesville. Dr. Winterstein is also with the Department of Epidemiology, University of Florida, Gainesville. Dr. Zambrano is with the Department of U.S. Medical Affairs, Merck and Company, Inc., Philadelphia.; Dr. Soria Saucedo, Dr. Liu, Dr. Hincapie-Castillo, and Dr. Winterstein are with the Department of Pharmaceutical Outcomes and Policy, and Dr. Bussing is with the Department of Psychiatry, University of Florida, Gainesville. Dr. Winterstein is also with the Department of Epidemiology, University of Florida, Gainesville. Dr. Zambrano is with the Department of U.S. Medical Affairs, Merck and Company, Inc., Philadelphia.; Dr. Soria Saucedo, Dr. Liu, Dr. Hincapie-Castillo, and Dr. Winterstein are with the Department of Pharmaceutical Outcomes and Policy, and Dr. Bussing is with the Department of Psychiatry, University of Florida, Gainesville. Dr. Winterstein is also with the Department of Epidemiology, University of Fl(TRUNCATED)
BT - Psychiatric services (Washington, D.C.)
C5 - Financing & Sustainability; Healthcare Disparities
CP - 8
CY - United States
DO - 10.1176/appi.ps.201700260
IS - 8
JF - Psychiatric services (Washington, D.C.)
LA - eng
M1 - Journal Article
N2 - OBJECTIVES: This study estimated the prevalence, time trends, and state-level variation of same- and multiclass psychotropic polypharmacy among youths in Medicaid fee-for-service plans. METHODS: Using pharmacy records from 29 Medicaid states from 1999 to 2010, the authors constructed ten two-year cohorts of beneficiaries between ages 0 and 17 years who received at least one psychotropic to treat a mental disorder. Polypharmacy was defined as any period in which dispensed days' supply of psychotropics overlapped for more than 45 days. Same- and multiclass psychotropic polypharmacy prevalence was stratified by age and state. RESULTS: A total of 692,485 children were included across each two-year cohort. The prevalence of any-class and multiclass psychotropic polypharmacy grew steadily, from 21.2% and 18.8% in 1999-2000 to 27.3% and 24.4% in 2009-2010, respectively. The prevalence increased with older age, with highest estimates for late adolescents. For same-class psychotropic polypharmacy, a constant upward trend was noted over time, except for antidepressants. Polypharmacy increased over the decade for central nervous system stimulants, from .1% to .6%, and for alpha-agonists, from .1% to .4%. Heterogeneous prevalences of psychotropic polypharmacy were noted across states, ranging from 6.9% to 48.8% for any-class psychotropic polypharmacy, from .4% to 6.4% for same-class antidepressant polypharmacy, and from .1% to 4.6% for antipsychotics. CONCLUSIONS: The study found an overall increasing trend of psychotropic polypharmacy coupled with significant variation across the examined states. A more granular assessment that considers patient characteristics and local contextual factors is warranted.
PP - United States
PY - 2018
SN - 1557-9700; 1075-2730
SP - 919
EP - 926
EP - 
T1 - Prevalence, Time Trends, and Utilization Patterns of Psychotropic Polypharmacy Among Pediatric Medicaid Beneficiaries, 1999-2010
T2 - Psychiatric services (Washington, D.C.)
TI - Prevalence, Time Trends, and Utilization Patterns of Psychotropic Polypharmacy Among Pediatric Medicaid Beneficiaries, 1999-2010
U1 - Financing & Sustainability; Healthcare Disparities
U2 - 29879872
U3 - 10.1176/appi.ps.201700260
VL - 69
VO - 1557-9700; 1075-2730
Y1 - 2018
Y2 - Aug 1
ER -