TY - JOUR
KW - Ambulatory Care
KW - Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid
KW - False Negative Reactions
KW - False Positive Reactions
KW - Health Behavior
KW - Humans
KW - Immunoassay
KW - Occupational Health
KW - Opioid-Related Disorders/diagnosis
KW - Primary Health Care
KW - Specimen Handling
KW - Substance Abuse Detection/methods/standards
KW - Urinalysis
AU - J. B. Standridge
AU - S. M. Adams
AU - A. P. Zotos
A1 - 
AB - Urine drug screening can enhance workplace safety, monitor medication compliance, and detect drug abuse. Ordering and interpreting these tests requires an understanding of testing modalities, detection times for specific drugs, and common explanations for false-positive and false-negative results. Employment screening, federal regulations, unusual patient behavior, and risk patterns may prompt urine drug screening. Compliance testing may be necessary for patients taking controlled substances. Standard immunoassay testing is fast, inexpensive, and the preferred initial test for urine drug screening. This method reliably detects morphine, codeine, and heroin; however, it often does not detect other opioids such as hydrocodone, oxycodone, methadone, fentanyl, buprenorphine, and tramadol. Unexpected positive test results should be confirmed with gas chromatography/mass spectrometry or high-performance liquid chromatography. A positive test result reflects use of the drug within the previous one to three days, although marijuana can be detected in the system for a longer period of time. Careful attention to urine collection methods can identify some attempts by patients to produce false-negative test results.
BT - American Family Physician
C5 - Opioids & Substance Use
CP - 5
CY - United States
IS - 5
JF - American Family Physician
N2 - Urine drug screening can enhance workplace safety, monitor medication compliance, and detect drug abuse. Ordering and interpreting these tests requires an understanding of testing modalities, detection times for specific drugs, and common explanations for false-positive and false-negative results. Employment screening, federal regulations, unusual patient behavior, and risk patterns may prompt urine drug screening. Compliance testing may be necessary for patients taking controlled substances. Standard immunoassay testing is fast, inexpensive, and the preferred initial test for urine drug screening. This method reliably detects morphine, codeine, and heroin; however, it often does not detect other opioids such as hydrocodone, oxycodone, methadone, fentanyl, buprenorphine, and tramadol. Unexpected positive test results should be confirmed with gas chromatography/mass spectrometry or high-performance liquid chromatography. A positive test result reflects use of the drug within the previous one to three days, although marijuana can be detected in the system for a longer period of time. Careful attention to urine collection methods can identify some attempts by patients to produce false-negative test results.
PP - United States
PY - 2010
SN - 1532-0650; 0002-838X
SP - 635
EP - 640
EP - 
T1 - Urine drug screening: a valuable office procedure
T2 - American Family Physician
TI - Urine drug screening: a valuable office procedure
U1 - Opioids & Substance Use
U2 - 20187600
VL - 81
VO - 1532-0650; 0002-838X
Y1 - 2010
ER -